Victims’ Rights Vs Defendants’ Rights: A Shifting Balance
ABSTRACT The evolution of modern criminal justice systems reflects a significant transformation in the balance between defendants’ rights and victims’ rights. Traditionally, criminal procedure emphasized due process protections for accused individuals, including the presumption of innocence, fair trial guarantees, and protection against arbitrary state action. However, growing recognition of victims’ psychological, emotional, and procedural marginalization […]
Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Investigations
ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming criminal investigations by enhancing surveillance, data analysis, predictive policing, and digital forensic capabilities. Law enforcement agencies worldwide increasingly rely on AI-driven technologies such as facial recognition systems, predictive policing algorithms, natural language processing, and forensic AI tools to improve investigative efficiency and crime prevention. While these technologies offer […]
Criminal Liability for Corporate Environmental Harm
ABSTRACT Corporate activities have increasingly contributed to environmental degradation, raising serious concerns about corporate accountability and environmental justice. This article examines the concept of criminal liability for corporations involved in environmental harm and analyzes how modern legal systems impose criminal responsibility on corporate entities for pollution, illegal waste disposal, deforestation, and industrial disasters. It explores […]
Comparative Sentencing Frameworks and the Principle of Proportionality
ABSTRACT Sentencing is a central function of criminal justice systems, reflecting societal values of justice, fairness, deterrence, and accountability. Among the guiding principles of criminal sentencing, proportionality the idea that punishment should correspond to the seriousness of the offense and the culpability of the offender has emerged as a cornerstone of modern criminal law. This […]
Predictive Policing and Due Process Rights
ABSTRACT Predictive policing, driven by artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics, is transforming modern law enforcement by enabling authorities to anticipate and prevent crime. Through machine learning algorithms, crime mapping technologies, and predictive risk assessments, law enforcement agencies seek to improve efficiency, allocate resources effectively, and reduce criminal activity. However, these technologies raise profound constitutional, […]
Criminal Law and Criminology
ABSTRACT Criminal law serves as a fundamental mechanism for maintaining social order by defining prohibited conduct and prescribing punishments. Criminology, on the other hand, studies the causes, patterns, and prevention of crime. This article explores the relationship between criminal law and criminology, focusing on how legal frameworks contribute to crime prevention, social control, and the […]
Comparative Constitutional Protection of Digital Privacy
Abstract The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed the nature of privacy, raising critical constitutional questions across jurisdictions. This paper examines how different constitutional systems protect digital privacy, comparing approaches in the United States, European Union, India, Pakistan, Germany, and China. It argues that while some jurisdictions have developed robust legal frameworks recognizing privacy […]
The Role of Constitutional Courts in Transitional
Abstract Transitional democracies—states moving from authoritarian rule, conflict, or single-party dominance toward democratic governance—often rely heavily on constitutional courts to stabilize political systems, protect fundamental rights, and legitimize new constitutional orders. This paper examines the institutional, political, and normative roles of constitutional courts in transitional democracies. It analyzes how these courts contribute to democratic consolidation, […]
Emergency Powers, National Security and ConstitutionalLimits
Abstract: Emergency powers occupy a critical and contested space within constitutional democracies, where the demands of national security often collide with foundational commitments to limited government and civil liberties. In the United States, the Constitution does not provide a comprehensive emergency clause; instead, emergency authority emerges from structural principles, enumerated powers, and statutory frameworks such […]
Separation of Powers Under Executive-Dominant Systems
Abstract The doctrine of separation of powers, classically articulated by Montesquieu, is designed to prevent the concentration of political authority by dividing governmental power among the executive, legislature, and judiciary. However, in many contemporary political systems, a practical imbalance has emerged in favor of the executive branch. This paper examines the nature, causes, institutional mechanisms, […]